![]() ![]() ![]() Outlining programs and concept-mapping software can offer help in planning. Word-processing, spelling -checking, word-prediction, and speech-recognition programs can offer support for transcription and revision. Consequently, their papers have more errors and are shorter, less complete and organized, and lower in overall quality than those of their average peers (Graham et al., 1991).Ī wide range of computer applications have been developed to support writing, and many of them are especially helpful for struggling writers. Finally, they have difficulty with the transcription processes of spelling, handwriting, capitalization, and punctuation. Furthermore, their revising is focused primarily on mechanics and is generally ineffective (MacArthur, Graham, & Schwartz, 1991). ![]() In addition, they engage in relatively little planning and have few strategies for generating or organizing content (Graham, Harris, MacArthur, & Schwartz, 1991). Compared with normally achieving students, they have less knowledge of the characteristics of good writing and the requirements of various text structures (Englert, Raphael, Anderson, Gregg, & Anthony, 1989). Students with LD, in general, struggle with all aspects of writing, with both the composing processes of planning and revising and with the transcription processes of getting language onto paper. This example, taken from a study on word-prediction software discussed later in the chapter, illustrates a rather extreme case of the problems with spelling that many students with learning disabilities (LD) face. Unfortunately, his teacher had to ask for his help in deciphering his writing, and when his teacher wrote back to him in his journal, she had to help him read her response. The student who wrote the preceding journal entry was excited to write in his journal and tell his teacher about the cow skeleton and other bones he had found at his friend's house (even though they hadn't found the skull yet). We falled a cow sckatin we havint falled the sck yate but we falled a bunch of uthere bons. On saterday I wanet to my friends hoals and sleepover. As you read, consider the benefits and challenges of leveraging technology to support a struggling writer (Troia, 2008). ![]()
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